Bronchial asthma – a chronic relapsing disease, mainly affecting the respiratory tract. It is characterized by altered reactivity of the bronchi. Mandatory feature of the disease is choking, and (or) status asthmaticus.
There are two forms of asthma – and the immunological neimmunologicheskuyu – and a number of clinical patogenetichesiih options: atopic, infectious, allergic, autoimmune, dishormonal, neuro-psychological, adrenergic imbalance, primarily changed bronchial reactivity (including the “Aspirin” asthma and asthma of physical effort ), cholinergic.
The etiology and pathogenesis. (more…)
A new study has shed light on the age of memory impairment. It turns out that mini-strokes that damage brain cells and reduce the memory function, occur in each of the quaternary man.
Scientists from Columbia University, USA, studied 658 brain at the age of 5 years and older using magnetic resonance imaging. Also, participants were tested for memory, language skills, processing speed and visual skills. The results showed that 174 people had mini-strokes, and these people coped with worse on memory tests. The results did not depend on the size of the hippocampus – part of the brain associated with memory function.
“Given that such degenerative senile diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, mainly characterized by memory loss, our results help to better understand what causes these symptoms and what to do to prevent it and treat it. Since the presence of mini-strokes and reduced hippocampal volume independently affect memory impairment, we believe that the measures aimed at preventing strokes, to help prevent memory problems “- the researchers note.
14
IOM Calls for Research on E-Cigs, Tobacco Lozenges
No comments · Posted by admin in Uncategorized
Modified-risk tobacco products – such as e-cigarettes and tobacco lozenges that may reduce the health risks of using tobacco – could represent part of a comprehensive strategy to combat tobacco-related disease and death, but too little is known about whether they actually pose less risk than do traditional tobacco products, according to a report issued Dec. 14 by the Institute of Medicine.
Consequently, the Food and Drug Administration should require specific types of research on these modified-risk products before allowing tobacco companies to sell or advertise them as being capable of reducing the health effects of tobacco use, the IOM report recommended.
The research should determine whether the product really presents a lessened risk for a person who might use it, Dr. Jane Henney, committee chair and professor of medicine and public health sciences at the University of Cincinnati, said in an interview. The product “also should not negatively impact the general public, as in the case of secondhand smoke, and it shouldn’t raise the risk” for nonusers or former users to begin or resume using the product.
Few smokers – only about 6% each year – are able to successfully quit tobacco use. Because quitting is so difficult, many cigarette smokers would welcome products that allow them to continue smoking with less risk to their health. However, there’s no research showing that modified-risk tobacco products are safer; in fact, so-called “light” cigarettes actually turned out to be just as risky as regular cigarettes, the IOM report said.
The Family Smoking Prevention and Control Act of 2009 gave the FDA the authority to ensure that modified-risk tobacco products actually do reduce tobacco-related harm before they can be marketed. The 2009 law also directed the IOM to work with the FDA on the design and conduct of scientific studies of modified-risk tobacco products.
The 330-page report provides details on how such studies should be conducted.
The tobacco industry “is new to regulation, and has a past history that would lead one to believe it can’t be trustworthy,” Dr. Henney said. “We speak to the governance tools that should be put in place to really open up this process.”
In part because of this trust gap, companies and other sponsors who develop modified-risk tobacco products should consider using FDA-approved, independent third parties to oversee health and safety research on their product, the report recommended. Independent oversight would ensure that the data submitted to the FDA are reliable and credible, the report said, and it might help to lure institutions and scientists back into the field; currently, many refuse to conduct or publish research supported by the tobacco industry.
Tobacco makers currently lack the capacity and expertise to conduct valid scientific research on their own products, according to the IOM report.
The report recommends that studies on modified-risk tobacco products should examine the product’s composition and addiction potential, the amount of human exposure to harmful components, perceptions about the product’s effects and likelihood of addiction, and its effects on human health. Studies should be “generalizable” to the whole population, but also should include populations of special relevance, including current and former smokers, beginning smokers, adolescents, and populations at high risk for tobacco use.
IOM committee member Dr. Bonnie Halpern-Felsher, professor of pediatrics at the University of California, San Francisco, said in an interview that it’s especially critical to understand how these modified-risk products could impact adolescents.
“We do know that the majority of people who start smoking are adolescents,” Dr. Halpern-Felsher said. “We need to make sure when these studies are done that they do include the adolescent population, and cover the health effects on adolescents and adolescents’ perceptions of the product and their likelihood of going on to use it.”
Currently one of the most important tasks of ophthalmologists is informing the public about eye health and the importance of timely eye examination, which contributes to the prevention of eye diseases. Now, not everyone knows that many eye diseases are asymptomatic, leading to various complications – from vision loss to blindness. A properly selected, or “legacy” eyeglasses and contact lenses can cause headaches and lead to further deterioration of vision.
These important issues is devoted to the social program of Johnson & Johnson Vision Care «Good eyesight for life.” The program was launched in October 2010 with the support of inter-regional public organization “Association of ophthalmologists’ and regional health departments, as well as the social foundation” People’s Initiative. ” The main objective of the program – to inform the public about the importance of regular eye tests, which today can be passed as a polyclinic, and in most opticians.
In addition, understanding the importance of continuous professional development specialists contact correction of vision, the company Johnson & Johnson Vision Care conducts an international education program for ophthalmologists and optometrists. This program is successfully employs 13 educational centers The Vision Care Institute TM, including in Moscow. Foundation of the Institute in Moscow was held in conjunction with World Sight Day and was held on 8 October 2009.
In 2011, the World Sight Day celebrated on October 13. It is difficult to overestimate the influence of physician attitude on patient’s own health. It is therefore essential that the doctor informed their patients about the need for annual eye exams, and talked about the need for correct and complete vision correction and prevention of diseases of the eye!
World Sight Day – an excellent opportunity to reflect on the important role vision plays in our lives, but also on what else can make each of us to preserve the health of your eyes and the eyes of their patients!
In chronic gastritis with secretory deficiency in the pain medications prescribed ganglioblokiruyuschie (kvateron, gangleron that, causing a pronounced spasmolytic effect, relatively little effect on the secretory function of the stomach), and the juice of plantain, plantaglyutsid, causing a slight increase in secretion that increase gastric motility and have anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic action. Showing binding and enveloping means. In order to influence the secretory function of the stomach are appointed by vitamin E, C, B6. Outside of acute decompensation with signs of gastritis (bloating, diarrhea ahilicheskie) used replacement therapy, gastric juice, abomin, betatsid, pancreatin, etc. For the treatment of chronic gastritis with secretory deficiency in the development of which play a significant role autoimmune processes, in some cases justified the appointment of the glucocorticosteroid hormones. Physical methods of treatment: heating pads, mud therapy, diathermy, electro-and hydrotherapy, etc. (more…)
During periods of exacerbation of chronic from under the influence of adverse factors (disturbance of nutrition and diet, intake of alcoholic beverages and their surrogates, etc.). Possible complications: bleeding, profuse (with hemorrhagic gastritis).
Chronic gastritis (especially the “perestroika” and atrophic-hyperplastic its shape) are considered as precancerous diseases.
Forecast for life-friendly: under the influence of treatment in most cases relatively quickly improves health of patients, but the main morphological changes of chronic gastritis and gastric secretory function disorders, tend to remain.
The differential diagnosis of the main forms of gastritis is conducted with functional disorders of the secretory function of the stomach (“irritable stomach” ahiliya stomach, functional – see), while for chronic gastritis is characterized by more persistent and severe symptoms, the pattern of inflammatory changes in mucosal biopsies and filed fibergastroscope. (more…)
Chronic gastritis with normal and elevated secretion of stomach – usually superficial lesions or gastric glands without atrophy, occurs more frequently in young predominantly men. Characterized by pain, often yazvennopodobnaya, heartburn, acid regurgitation, a feeling of heaviness in the epigastrium after meals, sometimes – and constipation. Gastric secretion: basal and 10 mmol / h, stimulated (after maximum histamine stimulation) – up to 35 mmol / h. Often there is an abundant secretion of stomach at night.
Hemorrhagic gastritis (gastritis erosive, chronic erosion of the stomach) is characterized by tendency to gastric bleeding, predominantly inflammatory and erosive changes of gastric mucosa to be protected or high gastric secretion. In some cases, bleeding associated with increased vascular permeability and gastric mucosal his mild traumatization. Other clinical manifestations – as in the previous form of gastritis. (more…)
Treatment is carried out mainly in surgical hospitals. Parenterally administered broad-spectrum antibiotics in large doses. With the ineffectiveness of conservative therapy and surgical treatment.
Chronic gastritis, manifested by chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane (in some cases the deeper layers) of the stomach wall. A very common disease which constitutes the structure of digestive diseases about 35%, and among the diseases of the stomach – 80 – 85%.
Etiology. Chronic gastritis is sometimes the result of further development of acute gastritis, but more often develops under the influence of exogenous factors (the repeated and prolonged malnutrition, the use of sharp and coarse food, a passion for hot food, poor chewing, eating dry rations, drinking alcoholic beverages – alcoholic gastritis) . Cause of chronic gastritis may be qualitatively inadequate diet (especially protein deficiency, iron and vitamins), the long uncontrolled medications that have irritating effects on the gastric mucosa (salicylates, phenylbutazone, prednisolone, certain antibiotics, sulfonamides, etc.), industrial hazards (compounds lead, coal, metal dust, etc.), the disease that makes tissue hypoxia (chronic circulatory failure, pneumosclerosis, anemia), endogenous intoxication in renal disease, gout (in which the gastric mucosa distinguished urea, uric acid, indole, skatole and other .), the effect of toxins in infectious diseases and chronic local foci of infection (so-called elimination of chronic gastritis), hereditary predisposition. In 75% cases of chronic gastritis combined with chronic cholecystitis, appendicitis, colitis and other digestive diseases. (more…)
Prevention of simple gastritis comes down to nutrition, the strict sanitary and hygienic control in public catering, health education outreach.
Corrosive gastritis develops due to Ingestion of strong acids, alkalis, salts, heavy metals, concentrated ethyl alcohol.
Symptoms during. Pain in the mouth, chest and epigastrium, often unbearable, repeated vomiting, painful, and in the vomit, blood, mucus, and sometimes fragments of tissue. On the lips, mouth, pharynx and larynx – the traces of chemical burns – edema, hyperemia, ulceration (from sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, appear grayish-white spots, from nitrogen-yellow and greenish-yellow scabs on chromium – a brownish-red, of carbolic – bright-white, reminiscent of lime deposit, from acetate-surface whitish-gray burns). If it affects the larynx appear hoarseness and stridoroznoe breath. In severe cases, develops a collapse. The abdomen is usually distended, painful on palpation in the epigastric region, and sometimes detect signs of irritation of the peritoneum. Acute perforation occurs in 10-15% of patients in the first hours after the poisoning (rare – later).
Prognosis depends on the severity of inflammatory-destructive changes and therapeutic tactics in the first hours and days of illness. Life-threatening period of illness lasts 2-3 days, death may occur from shock or peritonitis. Outcome corrosivity of gastritis can be cicatrices, especially in the pyloric and kardiapnom of the stomach.
Treatment starts with gastric lavage, plenty of cold water through a tube, lubricated with vegetable oil (a contraindication to the introduction of the probe are the collapse and destruction of the esophagus). Before washing, especially of pain, narcotic analgesics are shown (morphine hydrochloride, promedol), fentanyl with droperidolom. In the collapse, in addition, – caffeine, kordiamin, mezaton, norepinephrine (glucose, isotonic sodium chloride solution) and strophanthin. During the first days – starvation, parenteral administration of isotonic sodium chloride solution, 5% glucose solution. When it is impossible within the next days food by mouth, parenteral administration of plasma protein hydrolysates. When perforation of the stomach, swelling of the throat – an urgent surgical treatment. In order to prevent narrowing of the esophagus produce probing during healing, with the ineffectiveness of the latter – surgical treatment of stenosis. (more…)
Gastro – inflammation of the mucous membrane (in some cases the deeper layers) of the stomach wall.
Acute gastritis – acute inflammation of the gastric mucosa.
The etiology and pathogenesis. Acute gastritis – polietiologic disease caused by chemical, mechanical, thermal and bacterial causes. Pathogenesis reduced to dystrophic-necrobiotic damage the surface epithelium and glandular apparatus of the gastric mucosa and development of inflammatory changes in it. The inflammatory process may be limited to the superficial mucosal epithelium or spread to the entire thickness of the mucosa, interstitial tissue and even muscle layer of the stomach wall. Acute gastritis often occurs as an acute gastroenteritis or acute gastroenterocolitis. Distinguish between simple (trivial, catarrh), and corrosive gastric abscess.
Simple gastritis is the most common. Exogenous cause of gastritis are errors in nutrition, foodborne diseases, irritating effects of certain medications (salicylates, phenylbutazone, bromides, digitalis, antibiotics, sulfonamides), food allergies (to strawberries, mushrooms, etc.), etc. Endogenous acute gastritis occurs when acute infections, metabolic disorders and massive protein breakdown (burns, etc. h). Acute irritation of the stomach may develop in severe radiation damage.
When esogastritis hold infiltration of leukocytes of the surface, sometimes dystrophic, necrobiotic changes in the epithelium, and signs of inflammatory hyperemia.
Symptoms during. Symptoms of acute gastritis usually occurs after 4-8 h after exposure to the etiological factor. Characterized by a feeling of heaviness and fullness in the epigastric region, nausea, weakness, dizziness, vomiting, and diarrhea. Skin and visible mucous membranes are pale, tongue is coated gray-white film, drooling, or, conversely, severe dry mouth. On palpation revealed tenderness in eligastralnoy area. (more…)